The error on your screen is very early on in the boot process, basically immediately after the grub menu has selected the option.
It could well be problems with Contabo’s Rocky image - have you tried asking their support team? That would be the best place to start if their image is not booting. Because it should just work.
So the above goes exactly back to what I suggested - the problem is with Contabo’s Rocky/Alma image which means you’ll need to ask them for assistance to get it fixed.
Since this is not happening for everyone, it is something specific to Contabo so you should be asking them for help. Or perhaps instead of using Contabo - use Hetzner their Rocky 8/9/10 images all work fine.
As I understand it, you’d have to go to their VPS control panel, and tell it to install an o/s. Did they provide their own build of the o/s? What happens at the end of the install, does it say “success, reboot”, or something else? Where is this “vnc console”, do you mean within one of their tools, or you somehow connected to it using vnc?
I installed Rocky Linux 9 through the Contabo admin panel, and the installation was successful. However, after rebooting the VPS, I was unable to access the server either via root or VNC. Unfortunately, Contabo responds very late to the tickets and fails to provide proper support. They also do not offer technical assistance. I have never experienced this issue ( installed Rocky Linux 9 through the panel) with any other server providers.
Then I would ditch Contabo and get a more reputable provider. Hetzner are cheap as well like Contabo, and have great support. You said yourself you never had this problem at other providers. Basically, it just says that Contabo is a waste of space and not worth using at all.
Installing a VPS uses their disk image. So if their disk image is broken, then your VPS won’t work. Only Contabo can fix their disk image. Either that or maybe they give you the option to install from ISO? If they do, then you can do that. If not, then find a better VPS provider. There are plenty out there - Hetzner, Linode, OVH, etc.